Clinical characteristics and risk factors for early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with very/extremely low birth weight / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants with very/extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 194 VLBW/ELBW preterm infants with NEC who were admitted to Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2014 to December 2021. These infants were divided into early-onset group (onset in the first two weeks of life; n=62) and late-onset group (onset two weeks after birth; n=132) based on their onset time. The two groups were compared in terms of perinatal conditions, clinical characteristics, laboratory examination results, and clinical outcomes. Sixty-two non-NEC infants with similar gestational age and birth weight who were hospitalized at the same period as these NEC preterm infants were selected as the control group. The risk factors for the development of early-onset NEC were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the late-onset group, the early-onset group had significantly higher proportions of infants with 1-minute Apgar score ≤3, stage III NEC, surgical intervention, grade ≥3 intraventricular hemorrhage, apnea, and fever or hypothermia (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that feeding intolerance, blood culture-positive early-onset sepsis, severe anemia, and hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus were independent risk factors for the development of early-onset NEC in VLBW/ELBW preterm infants (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#VLBW/ELBW preterm infants with early-onset NEC have more severe conditions compared with those with late-onset NEC. Neonates with feeding intolerance, blood culture-positive early-onset sepsis, severe anemia, or hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus have a higher risk of early-onset NEC.

Consistency of autorefraction by two autorefractors in 1138 Chinese children and adolescents / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

?AIM: To assess the consistency of refractive errors measured by two autorefractors in myopia screening of school-age Chinese children.?METHODS: Topcon RM- 8900 and Tianle RM - 9000 autorefractors were utilized to measure refractive errors under noncycloplegic condition in students aged 6 to 16 years old who were cluster sampled from four primary and secondary schools in Dongli district, Tianjin. Sperman correlation analysis and Bland-Altman method were used to evaluate the consistency of spherical diopters, cylindrical diopters and spherical equivalents measured by the two methods, and the axial difference distribution of astigmatism measured by the two methods was analyzed.?RESULTS:A total of 2276 eyes of 1138 subjects with a mean age of 10.49± 2.66 a were finally enrolled. Spearman correlation analysis showed that sphere ( r = 0.958, P<0.0001) , cylinder ( r= 0.769, P<0.0001 ) , and spherical equivalent ( r=0.962, P<0.0001) measured by Tianle RM-9000 were highly correlated with those measured by Topcon RM-8900, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed spherical diopters measured by Tianle RM-9000 were significantly more hyperopic ( P< 0.0001 ) with a mean difference of 0. 44 D ( SD: 0.37;95％ CI: -0.27, 1.16) while the maximum absolute value ( 1.13 D) of the difference within the 95％ CI was above the clinically acceptable range;however, no significant difference ( P=0.83) was found between cylindrical diopters measured by the two methods with a mean difference of -0.01 D ( SD: 0.31;95％ CI= -0.62, 0.61 ) while the maximum absolute value ( 0.62 D ) of the difference within the 95％CI was clinically acceptable. The proportion of the axial deviation within ± 20° was 84.6％( 1503/1777) in eyes with cylinder ≤-0.25D while that rose to 96.4％ ( 853/885) in eyes with cylinder ≤-0.75D.?CONCLUSION: Spherical diopters measured by Tianle RM-9000 have a significant hyperopia bias than those measured by Topcon RM-8900 while the consistency of cylindrical diopters and cylindrical axes is clinically acceptable.

Exposure to Radon and Kidney Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Epidemiological Studies / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the possible association between radon exposure and kidney cancer.@*METHODS@#We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis based on random effect models to provide a pooled association measure.@*RESULTS@#We subjected 8 studies (overall relative risks and 95% confidence intervals: 1.01, 0.72 to 1.43, I2 = 64.4%) to meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis revealed a marginally significant association between radon exposure and kidney cancer in studies conducted in Europe. Two population-based studies provided no evidence for the increased risk of kidney cancer in the general population.@*CONCLUSION@#The association between radon and kidney cancer remains unclear but cannot be excluded because of its biological plausibility and the limited number and quality of existing studies. Additional data from the general population and well-designed miner cohort studies are needed to reveal the real relationship between radon exposure and kidney cancer.

Expression and Significance of PTEN and Survivin in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore expression and significance of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and survivin in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peripheral blood samples were collected from 68 patients with ALL in our hospital including 48 newby diagnosed patients, 13 patients in remission, 7 patients in relapse, and 20 healthy volunteers (control). The expressions of PTEN and survivin mRNA and protein were detected by real time PCR, Western blot and respectively, and clinical pathological parameter was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expressions of PTEN mRNA and protein in newby diagnosed, remission and relapsed group were lower than that in control group (P<0.01). The expressions of PTEN mRNA and protein in newly diagnosed and relapsed groups were lower than that in remission group (P<0.01). The expressions of survivin mRNA and protein in newly diagnosed, remission and relapsed group were higher than that in control group (P < 0.01). The expressions of survivin mRNA and protein in newly diagno sed and relapsed groups were higher than that in remission group (P < 0.01). The expressions of PTEN and survivin mRNA did not relahed with the age, sex and white blood count in ALL patients, and also did not related with the morphological classification in newly diagnosed ALL (P>0.05), but related with immunological calssification in newly diagnosed ALL (P < 0.01). The expressions of PTEN and survivin were negatively correlated in ALL (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PTEN and survivin play an important role in the occurrence, development and prognosis in ALL, and may be one of the potential targets for ALL treatment.</p>

Three-dimensional bioprinting is not only about cell-laden structures / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

In this review, we focused on a few obstacles that hinder three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting process in tissue engineering. One of the obstacles is the bioinks used to deliver cells. Hydrogels are the most widely used bioink materials; however, they aremechanically weak in nature and cannot meet the requirements for supporting structures, especially when the tissues, such as cartilage, require extracellular matrix to be mechanically strong. Secondly and more importantly, tissue regeneration is not only about building all the components in a way that mimics the structures of living tissues, but also about how to make the constructs function normally in the long term. One of the key issues is sufficient nutrient and oxygen supply to the engineered living constructs. The other is to coordinate the interplays between cells, bioactive agents and extracellular matrix in a natural way. This article reviews the approaches to improve the mechanical strength of hydrogels and their suitability for 3D bioprinting; moreover, the key issues of multiple cell lines coprinting with multiple growth factors, vascularization within engineered living constructs etc. were also reviewed.

The prevalence of HIV infection and sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men and women in Chengdu and Guangzhou, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the status of HIV infection and sexual behaviors with men and women among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) and documented for HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men to the general population.Methods 300 participants were recruited by using "snowballing" sampling in Chengdu and Guangzhou,respectively.Participants completed the questionnaire and HIV test.The questionnaire included social demographic characteristics,number of male sexual partners,sexual behaviors and condom use in the past 6 months.Relations with female sexual partners,vaginal intercourse and condom use in the past 12 months were also studied.Results Of the 600 oarticioants,the overall prevalence of HIV infectionwas 26.2％ and the detection rate of HIV-positives in this survey was 8.5％.In the past 6 months 28.0％ of the participants had 5 or more male sexual partners and the percentage of MSMW who had used condoms consistently during anal sex intercourse with men,was 44.2％.Of the participants,52.3％ had used condoms in the last three anal sex events and 63.0％ in the last event.In the past 12 months,86.0％ of the participants who had vaginal sex with female partners and the proportions of MSMW who had wife,girlfriend,lover,female casual partner and female commercial partner were 65.0％,27.2％,1.5％,12.7％,4.5％,respectively.About a third of the MSMW had always used condoms when having vaginal sex in the past 12 month.In the last three vaginal sex events,the proportion of participants who had never used condoms was 36.5％.In the past 6 months,55.7％ of the MSMWs had used condoms consistently during anal sex with men in Chengdu,which was higher than those MSMW in Guangzhou (32.7％).In the past 12 months,the proportion of MSMW who had used condoms consistently during vaginal sex was 38.3％,which was higher than MSMW of Guangzhou (25.3％).Among those HIV-positive MSMWs,91.1％ had anal sex with men in the past 6 months and 49.7％ HIV-positive MSMW had used condoms consistently during anal sex with men.The number of HIV-positive MSMW who had used condoms in the last or last three anal sex events with men,accounted for 60.5％ and 69.4％,respectively.In the past 12 months,82.8％ of the HIV-positive participants had vaginal sex with women.Of the HIV-positive participants,42.0％ used condoms consistently and the percentage of HIV-positive MSMWs who used condom during last three vaginal sexes was 47.8％.In the past 6 months,the percentage (4.3％) of MSMW who were HIV-positive prior to the survey and never used condoms during anal sex with men was lower than the percentage (22.0％) of MSMW who were HIV-positive found in this survey.In the past 12 months 12.9％ of the MSMW who were HIV positive prior to the survey never used condoms when having vaginal sex event,which was lower than MSMW (46.3％) who were HIV positive in this survey.Conclusion The prevalence of HIV infection had reached a quite high level and with high rates of unprotected anal sex with men and vaginal sex with women among MSMWs,indicating that the inherent bridging aspect of MSMW might accelerate the spreading of HIV infection to the general population.

The unprotected sexual behaviors and its influencing factors among HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Shanghai, China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the sexual partners and sexual behaviors among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) and to examine the factors related with high risky sexual behaviors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 200 HIV-positive MSM participants were recruited using "snowballing" sampling from June to December in 2010 in Shanghai. Participants completed the questionnaire which included social demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors with male and female sexual partners in the past 6 months, alcohol consumption, alkyl nitrite use, illegal substances use and depression and anxiety symptoms, etc.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 200 HIV-positive MSM participants, 45.0% (90/200) of participants' ages ranged from 26 to 35, and 30.0% (60/200) of the respondents were married. Participants living with a male partner and living with a female partner accounted for 17.0% (34/200) and 9.0% (18/200), respectively. A total of 57.5% (115/200) had anal sex with male and 13.5% (27/200) had sex with female in the past 6 months. The percentage of participants who had 2 or more male anal sexual partners was 36.5% (73/200). During last six months, participants who didn't use condom consistently during anal sexes with men and vaginal sexes with women accounted for 16.0% (32/200) and 3.5% (7/200), respectively. The rate of risky sexual behaviors (any unprotected sex with male or female) during past 6 months was 17.5% (35/200). Factors associated with risky sexual behaviors included getting drunk before last sex (OR = 4.270, 90%CI: 1.676 - 10.881), using alkyl nitrite (OR = 3.397, 90%CI: 1.564 - 7.377) and having casual male partners (OR = 2.951, 90%CI: 1.278 - 5.252) during past six months, getting HIV infection diagnosis in half year (OR = 4.181, 90%CI: 1.939 - 9.013).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There were high rates of unprotected anal sex with men and vaginal sex with women among HIV positive MSM and alcohol and substance use before sex could increase the risk of having unprotected sex.</p>

Experimental study on the repair of tibial plateau defect / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of autograft bone, allograft bone, calcium sulfate bone cement, and calcium phosphate bone cement on the repair of tibial plateau defect in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We used autograft bone, allograft bone, calcium sulfate bone cement, and calcium phosphate bone cement to repair tibial plateau defect in rabbits. Gross and histologic observations, X-ray examination, and biomechanical test were conducted at 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks after operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>X-ray examination found that the bone density was evidently reduced in calcium sulfate group at 8 weeks after operation; there were no marked changes in other groups. The maximal load measurements showed that autograft and allograft groups were greater than calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate groups at 1 and 2 weeks after operation. However at 4 and 8 weeks after operation, no significant difference was found among the four groups. In autograft and allograft groups, there was no significant difference in biomechanical intensity at 2, 4, and 8 weeks, but it was significantly higher than that at 1 week. In calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate groups, the outcome was ranked in descending order as 1 week less than 2 week less than 4 week equal to 8 week. Histologic examination found a great amount of new bones at 8 week in both autograft and allograft groups. In calcium sulfate group, calcium sulfate was almost absorbed and there were numerous bone trabeculations. There was a large amount of unabsorbed calcium phosphate in calcium phosphate group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>At 1-2 weeks postoperatively, the biomechanical intensity is higher in autograft and allograft groups than calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate groups, but after 4-8 weeks, there is no significant difference among groups. At 1-2 weeks, the biomechanical intensity in all groups is increased, but at 4-8 weeks, there is no significant increase. The rates of absorption and bone formation are quicker in calcium sulfate group than calcium phosphate group.</p>

Investigation of HIV and syphilis infection status and risk sexual behavior among men who have sex with men in four cities of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate HIV and treponema pallidum infection status, risky sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) and its impact factors in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Snowball sampling was used to recruit subjects from April to August in 2008 in Beijing, Harbin, Zhengzhou and Chengdu city. Serological test of HIV and treponema pallidum were conducted and a questionnaire survey was undertaken among subjects. The questionnaire included social demographics, characteristics of sexual partners and sexual behaviors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1693 subjects was enrolled in present study, which included 1390 MSM/M (82.1%) and 303 MSMW (17.9%). The infection rate of HIV among MSM/M and MSMW subjects were 7.0% (97/1390) and 6.6% (20/303), respectively. The infection rate of treponema pallidum among MSM/M and MSMW subjects were 11.9% (166/1390) and 13.2% (40/303), respectively. The proportions of MSM/M subjects who never used or sometimes used condoms when having same-sex anal intercourse in recent 6 months were 8.6% (120/1390), 45.3% (630/1390), respectively. The according proportions among MSMW subjects were 10.2% (31/303), 44.6% (135/303), respectively. Among MSM/M subjects, the risk factors of risk sexual behaviors included having less than 6 sexual partners (OR = 6.03, 95%CI: 2.54 - 14.28), no same-sex regular sexual partner (OR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.30 - 3.65), no same-sex casual sexual partner (OR = 2.90, 95%CI: 1.79 - 4.71), T-pattern only during anal intercourse (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.13 - 2.37) or P-pattern only (OR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.04 - 2.41). Among MSMW subjects, the risk factors of same-sex risk sexual behaviors included having less than 6 sexual partners (OR = 12.95, 95%CI: 2.38 - 70.52), no same-sex regular sexual partners (OR = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.21 - 0.85), never used condom during heterosexual intercourse (OR = 3.53, 95%CI: 1.48 - 8.42).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The infection rate of HIV and treponema pallidum among MSM subjects were quite high, and the same-sex risk sexual behaviors among MSM subjects were ubiquity, whose risk factors including having less than six of sexual partners, no same-sex casual sexual partner, T-pattern or P-pattern only during anal intercourse and never used condemn during heterosexual intercourse among MSMW subjects no same-sex regular partner was a risk factor in MSMS population, while having same-sex regular partners was a risk factor in MSMW population.</p>

Prevalence of HIV infection and sexual behaviors with both men and women among currently married men who have sex with men / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To find out the status of HIV infection,sexual behaviors with both men and women as well as condom use among currently married men who have sex with men (MSM) so as to document for HIV intervention targeting this sub-population,in Beijing,Chengdu,Harbin and Zhengzhou cities.Methods “Snowballing” sampling method was used to recruit subjects in four cities.Participants were investigated by anonymous questionnaire containing demographics,sexual orientation,both homosexual and heterosexual behaviors and condom use during the past 6 months.Blood samples from participants were used to test HIV antibodies.Results Of the 858 participants for four cities,the average age was 38.3 (SD=9.1) years.36.7％ of them had completed the junior high school or under.The percentage of participants who identified themselves as homosexual,bisexual,and heterosexual or undecided were 40.9％,54.3％ and 4.8％,respectively.The overall HIV prevalence was 8.0％,and among four cities the HIV prevalence in Chengdu was the highest ( 13.3％ ).Results from the Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that never used condoms when having anal sex with men during the past 6 months among participants who did not have a city residential card,identifying himself as having homosexual orientation,living in Harbin,having first anal sex experience before 18 years of age the range of OR value was 1.5-2.1.In addition,the faetors associated with never using condoms in vaginal sex with women during the past 6 months were as follows:being over 46 years old,not having a city residential card,living in Beijing,identifying himself as heterosexual orientated or with unknown sexual orientation,never using condoms in anal sex with men during the past 6 months,the range of OR value was 1.7-5.9.Conclusion The prevalence of HIV infection seemed to be quite high among those currently married MSM.High rates of unprotected homosexual and heterosexual behaviors might accelerate the spreading of HIV from currently married MSM to their wives.

Three kind of scoring system for proximal humeral fractures in patients with postoperative functional review of evaluation: a multicenter study / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the ASES, Constant and HSS score systems and their significance on postoperative function of the shoulder.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 172 cases of proximal humeral fracture of five affiliated hospital from September 2004 to September 2008 were analyzed. All the functional outcome of the involved shoulder were evaluated by ASES, Constant, HSS score and patient self score. The correlations and agreement of three shoulder scales were analyzed with Pearson correlation test and Bland-Altman plot in different age groups and fracture types.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The Constant score were lower than other two scores in the same age group and fracture type (F = 13.62 and 4.80, P < 0.05). (2) The correlations between three shoulder scales: ASES and Constant (r = 0.754, P = 0.0003), ASES and HSS (r = 0.755, P = 0.0001), Constant and HSS (r = 0.858, P = 0.0002). The correlations between three shoulder scales and patient self evaluation: ASES (r = 0.602, P = 0.0002), Constant (r = 0.705, P = 0.0001), HSS (r = 0.663, P = 0.0037). The Bland-Altman plot shows three shoulder scales have good agreement. (3)The correlation between Constant score and patient self evaluation decreased in the elder group and severe fracture type.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>ASES, Constant, HSS shoulder score systems are all fit to evaluate the functional outcome of the shoulder, they have good correlation and agreement. Constant score in recommended for its high correlation coefficient with patient self evaluation score. However, its age bias must be paid attention in clinical practice. ASES shoulder score can be used in remote follow-up.</p>

The prevalence of HIV infection and the risk factors among MSM in 4 cities, China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To access the prevalence of HIV infection and the associated factors among urban MSM in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Participants were recruited using respondent driven sampling and snowball sampling method in Beijing, Harbin, Zhengzhou and Chengdu city. A face-to-face questionnaire was administrated to collect relevant demographic and ethological data; 5 ml venous blood sample was taken from each subject to measure HIV antibody in serum (samples were first screened by colloidal gold, latex chromatographic and double-antigen sandwich ELISA method, positive samples were further confirmed by immunoblotting method). The characteristics of HIV infection was described and the risk factors were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1864 MSM were recruited and the prevalence of HIV was 6.7% (125/1864). It was 9.5% (24/252) among MSM older than 39 years and it was 1.9% (2/105) among those less than 20 years old. The prevalence was 8.4% (31/371) among MSM with junior level education and was 4.8% (41/858) among those with college level education. It was 10.3% (35/340) among MSM with sexual partner old than him for over 10 years while it was 5.0% (58/1168) among those having sexual partner within 10 years older. The prevalence of HIV infection was 8.9% (61/695) among MSM with unprotected receptive anal sex and it was 5.5% (64/1169) among those without unprotected receptive anal sex. The risk factors independently associated with HIV infection included being older than 39 years (OR = 6.5, 95%CI: 1.5 - 28.7), with junior or lower level education (OR = 1.8, 95%CI: 1.2 - 2.7), having sexual partner older than himself for over 10 years (OR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.3 - 3.3) and having unprotected receptive anal intercourse (OR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1 - 2.4).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MSM had a high rate of HIV infection. Older age, lower level education, having older sexual partner and unprotected receptive anal intercourse were related to HIV infection.</p>

Relations between self-discrimination of MSM and sexual behavior and psychological factors / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the self-discrimination experience of MSM and its relationship with sexual behavior and psychological factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method, a call-for action and anonymous self-administration questionnaire investigation was carried out in Mianyang city on experience of self-discriminations, sexual partners and behaviors and depression symptom, etc. The first 12 qualified people were designated as the "root" in the whole investigation from different MSM subgroups. Every "root" would get 3 recruit cards after their own investigation, then cards could be promoted to another 3 qualified people who were willing to accept questionnaires. And this process would go on till the sample size was accomplished. χ(2) test, rank correlation and contingency coefficient would be applied for the statistical analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In total, 201 persons were investigated. Within the past 6 months, 59.2% (119/201) persons felt they did harm to their family or made the family down as gays, 79.6% (160/201) had to disguise their real sexual orientation in avoidance of being discriminated, 39.3% (79/201) were humiliated for having gay sex. It showed correlation between humiliation or harm to family and frequency to disco balls/night clubs (r = 0.196, χ(2) = 7.95, P < 0.05), concerts or theaters (r = 0.201, χ(2) = 8.423, P < 0.05) with MSM friends, HIV health consultancy (r = 0.231, χ(2) = 11.329, P < 0.05), experiences of one night stands (r(s) = 0.183, µ = 2.588, P < 0.05), detection of depression (r(s) = 0.241, µ = 15.717, P < 0.05) and stress-related perception (r(s) = -0.310, µ = 23.112, P < 0.05), the corresponding behavior report rates of who experienced 3-4 times were 66.7% (11/33), 52.9% (18/34), 41.2% (14/34), 17.6% (6/34), 44.1% (15/34), 44.7% (10/24). Statistical significance was found between the relations of humiliation for gay sex and frequency into concerts or theaters (r = 0.195, χ(2) = 7.933, P < 0.05) with MSM friends, experiences of one night stands (r(s) = 0.145, µ = 2.051, P < 0.05), man-man anal sex (r = 0.165, χ(2) = 10.823, P < 0.05), numbers of female sexual partners (r = 0.265, χ(2) = 11.422, P < 0.05), protectiveness of female sexual behavior in the past 6 months (r = 0.513, χ(2) = 7.442, P < 0.05), detection of depression (r(s) = 0.152, µ = 13.034, P < 0.05) and stress-related perception (r(s) = -0.259, µ = 21.190, P < 0.05), the corresponding behavior report rates of who experienced 3-4 times were 22.7% (5/22), 9.1% (2/22), 13.6% (3/22), 91.6% (2/22), 66.7% (2/3), 57.1% (4/7), 33.3% (19/57). It has statistical significance between the relations of disguising their real sexual orientation in avoidance of being discriminated and the frequency of show up in the cybercafé (r = 0.272, χ(2) = 15.932, P < 0.05), involvement of HIV test (r = 0.232, χ(2) = 11.446, P < 0.05), and stress-related perception (r(s) = -0.373, µ = 28.868, P < 0.05). It was found that increasing of discrimination was connected to entrance into gay-welcome places, acceptance of HIV consultancy and tests, posting gay information among MSM friends and hold of many sexual partners. Meanwhile, the pressure was rising when depression was checked out.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Self-discrimination was prevalent among MSM, which had brought critical influence on the individual behavior, MSM psychological health and prevalence of AIDS.</p>

Effects of intermittent hypoxia on dielectric properties of rat gastrocnemius / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the changes in dielectric properties of gastrocnemius isolated from rats subjected to intermittent hypoxia for 4 weeks at the frequency range of 40 Hz - 110 MHz.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Hypoxia was simulated by low-pressure chamber in male Sprague-Dawley rats, the rats were divided into two groups, that is, 4 weeks of intermittent hypoxia group and its control. The AC impedance of isolated gastrocnemius is measured with the Agilent 4294A impendance analyzer, and effects of intermittent hypoxia on dielectric properties of cells in isolated rat sural muscle were monitored by analyzing the dielectric numerical characters of the dielectric spectroscopy, the Cole-Cole plots, spectrum of loss factor and conductivity imaginary part, as well as loss tangent.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Intermittent hypoxia could induce some changes, both relative permittivity (epsilon L, epsilon h) and permittivity increment deltaepsilon reduced, conductivity at low-frequency kappa L increased, conductivity at high-frequency kappa h reduced, and at the same time, the conductivity difference deltakappa also reduced. The characteristic frequency (f1, f2) increased. Peak of loss factor, the peak of conductivity imaginary part and the peak of loss tangent reduced.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Fall in dielectric properties and increase in the characteristic frequency in skeletal muscle were induced by intermittent hypoxic acclimation.</p>

Long-term efficacy of integrative medicine for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the long-term efficacy of integrative medicine in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adopting randomized grouping method, the SLE patients were assigned to two groups, 74 in each group, the treatment group treated by combined hormonotherapy with Chinese drugs for detoxifying, and the control group treated by hormonotherapy alone. The period of the stable phase and active phase, clinical manifestations, 24-h urinary protein, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) score and complement 3 (C3), etc. were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 5-year treatment, the clinical manifestations, including arthritis, hydrohymenitis and fever revealed between groups were significantly different (P < 0.05). Comparison between groups in the 5th year of observation showed that the treatment group had a longer time of the stable phase (305.41 +/- 14.32 days); lower SLEDAI scores (8.28 +/- 4.12) and 24-h urinary protein (0.18 +/- 0.01)g, and a higher level of C3 (0.98 +/- 0.35 g/L) than those in the control group (190.22 +/- 15.43 days, 12.79 +/- 5.43 scores, 0.31 +/- 0.06 g and 0.73 +/- 0.34 g/L), respectively, with statistical significances (P < 0.05). Adverse reactions occurred in 15 cases in the treatment group and 62 cases in the control group, also with significant difference between groups (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The combined therapy of Chinese and Western medicine can prolong the stable phase time and shorten the lasting period of SLE in patients, which embodies the view of "treating disease before its onset".</p>

Study on the overall anatomical features and clinical value of lumbar nerve root, plexus and branches in CT reconstruction / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the overall anatomical characteristics and the clinical value of the lumbar nerves under CT multiplanar reconstruction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty normal subjects and 30 patients with LN diseases (51 sides) were selected, including 10 patients with lumber intervertebral disk hernia, eight patients with spinal stenosis, 5 patients with spondylolisthesis, 1 patient with tethered cord syndrome, 1 patient with lumbar scoliosis, and 5 patients with spinal trauma The 16-slice helical CT (Light Speed, GE Company) was used for scanning the lumbar vertebra with multiplanar reconstruction in Workstation (ADW4.1) with UNIX System in DICOM format. The image was set on the same slice for the overall anatomy and manifestations of the lesions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The same-slice imaging showed the strip-like LN slightly lower than the surrounding muscle in density. Each LN went out of the dural sac at an acute angle. The course of the lumbar plexus and its major branches, including the obturator nerve, femoral nerve and reproductive nerve, and their relations to the adjacent structures were clearly revealed. The percentage of the segments displayed was well associated with the reconstruction angle, with the order being oblique coronal > outward-rotated oblique coronal > oblique sagittal > coronal > sagittal section. The major manifestations of abnormal LN included compression and displacement (50 sides, 98.0%), morphological changes (49 sides, 96.1%), adhesion (41 sides, 80.4%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The CT multiplanar reconstruction is ideal for the imaging of the overall size, shape, running and tension of the LN root; it is valuable in clinical diagnosis.</p>

Intervention trial on HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men based on venues and peer network / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention on HIV/AIDS among MSM based on venues and peer network.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The intervention trial was conducted in Mianyang and Yibin in Sichuan province, where the cultural and social environment were similar. These two cities have no HIV/AIDS intervention conducted yet before this study. The intervention was conducted in Mianyang, while Yibin was regarded as control, in which education materials related HIV/AIDS and VCT service were available. Intervention in Mianyang included MSM venue intervention distributing the education materials, condom and promoting HIV-test and STIs clinic referral by 40 MSM as Popular Opinion Leaders who received the knowledge and intervention skill training.Meanwhile, Popular Opinion Leader intervention was implemented in MSM peer network to advocate safe sex. After 6-month intervention the survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of intervention.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The scores of knowledge related HIV/STDs and self-efficacy of condom use was 1.293 (95%CI: 0.657 - 1.292, P < 0.05) and 1.556 (95%CI: 0.656 - 2.456, P < 0.05) higher in post-intervention than in pre-intervention which was (12.42 +/- 0.232) and (10.25 +/- 0.327) respectively in Mianyang, while no significant changing in Yibin during the time. Score of knowledge related HIV/STDs increase 0.577 (95%CI: -0.173 - 1.327, P > 0.05) in post-intervention compared with (10.40 +/- 0.412) in pre-intervention and score of self-efficacy of condom use decreased 0.362 from 9.86 +/- 0.547 in pre-intervention (95%CI: -1.458 - 0.534, P > 0.05). In the six months prior to survey, the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse with male casual sexual partners in last 3 times decreased to 11.0% (22/200) (OR(adjusted) = 0.472, 95%CI: 0.265 - 0.841, P < 0.05) from 19.5% (39/200) baseline in Manyang, while in Yibin that increased to 19.0% (38/200) from 17.5% (35/200) in baseline (OR(adjusted) = 1.153, 95%CI: 0.660 - 2.014, P > 0.05). The rate of HIV-test increased significantly from 9.0% (18/200) to 22.0% (44/200) (OR = 2.852, 95%CI: 1.583 - 5.138, P < 0.05) in intervention city and Accordingly in the control, that was 24.5% (29/200) in baseline and 24.0% (28/200) in post-intervention (OR = 0.960, 95%CI: 0.548 - 1.682, P > 0.05). No difference was found in number of male sexual partner pre- and post-intervention both in intervention and control city.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The intervention based on MSM venues and peer network among MSM is feasible and can increase knowledge related HIV/STDs and self-efficacy and as well as condom use and HIV testing.</p>

A study of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination among former plasma donors in rural areas / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the types of, reasons for and sources of stigma and discrimination in a rural community where the majority of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) are former plasma donors (FPDs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty local residents, including 20 HIV-positive villagers, 20 family members, 20 villagers from non-HIV-positive households and 20 health workers, were selected as study subjects by using purposive sampling method in rural areas of Anhui Province. Face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were held to collect information on HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination and its contributing factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 80 study subjects, 1 didn't finish the survey. Of the 79 subjects who finished the survey, the main forms of stigma and discrimination were expanded stigma [81.0% (64/79)], abandonment and avoidance, stigma and discrimination in healthcare setting [47.4% (28/59)], loss of social support [33.3% (13/39)]. The level of stigma was less in village where were more HIV-positive villagers living and vice versa. The reasons for stigma and discrimination included: ignorance or misunderstanding of HIV/AIDS [57.5% (23/40)], fear of HIV/AIDS [32.5% (13/40)] and morality judgment toward PLHA. The majority of HIV positive participants were unwilling to disclose their positive status to others in order to protect their family members and children.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ignorance and misunderstanding of HIV/AIDS were main contributing factors to HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination and it is very important to implement appropriate intervention programs to reduce stigma and discrimination.</p>

Mutation analysis of a Chinese family with genetic dentinogenesis imperfecta / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the genetic etiology of an autosomal dominant dentinogenesis imperfecta in a Chinese family.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The molecular change of the disease in the family was analyzed through the clinical examination, linkage analysis, mutational screening of the DSPP gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The disease related gene was completely linked with microsatellite marker D4S1534. We found a novel mutation in the first exon of the DSPP gene (c.49C>T, p.Pro17Ser). All patients in the family had the mutation, while this mutation was not observed in the normal individuals of this family and 100 unrelated controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The p.Pro17Ser identified in the family was a new pathogenic mutation. Our finding provided further understanding of the molecular mechanism of dentinogenesis imperfecta.</p>

The prospective study project of 62 cases spinal cord injury / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To rudiment analyze the different intervention factors affecting the spinal cord injury functional recovery initially through prospective study project.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Designed prospective study project without clinical treatment intervention and admitted 62 spinal cord injury cases into observation group from Dec 2006 to Dec 2007. The internalized standard included acute spinal cord injury within 1 week, aged from 18 to 65 years old without sexuality difference and diagnosed as type A injury: total spinal cord injury or type B injury: non-total spinal cord injury (without movement function below the injury plane) according to clinical physical examination and combined MRI or CT examination. All the 62 cases were followed up. The spinal cord function were estimated at the time of arriving hospital, 1, 3, 6 months after injury during the following up time according to the American Spine Injury Association standard (Revised at 2000) and functional independence measure (FIM) score. The intervention factors affecting the spinal cord injury functional recovery were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 62 cases, male 60 cases and female 2 cases, aged from 18 to 41 years old, mean age 24 years old, 29 cases can be classified into type A injury and 33 cases can be classified into type B injury. There was no significant difference (Index including sense ASIA, motor ASIA and FIM) between operation group and non-operation group, namely conservatively composite treatment at all observation point in all type A injury cases (P > 0.05). There was significant difference (Index including sense ASIA, motor ASIA and FIM) between operation group and non-operation group at all observation point in all type B injury cases (P < 0.05); And there was significant difference (Index including sense ASIA, motor ASIA and FIM) between operated in 8 hours (< or = 8 h) group and beyond 8 hours (> 8 h) group at all observation point in all type B operated cases (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Operation and operation time were of no significant value for type A injury (total spinal cord injury), but considering the nursing convenience and the need for spinal stabilities, operation decompression and internal fixation can be chosen; Operation decompression should be performed as soon as quickly for type B injury (non-total spinal cord injury) in order to get better functional recovery.</p>